Against Ptolemy? Cosmography in Early Kalām
This article explores how mutakallimun engaged with competing visions of the cosmos-traditionalist and Aristotelian-Ptolemaic-to the beginning of the sixth/ twelfth century. Drawing on works of kalam, Quran commentary, and items from other genres, I demonstrate that rationalist theologians remained divided on such questions as the shape of the earth to the end of this period….